The European Union imposed sanctions on four individuals and five entities that the Council of the EU linked to human rights violations, repression and the use of surveillance technologies in Russia.
The listed entities include VK and its subsidiary Communication Platform LLC, which develops the Max messaging service.
The sanctions also targeted companies producing hardware and software used in Russia’s SORM operational surveillance system, which enables security agencies to monitor internet and mobile communications.
The Council of the EU said Russian authorities use such technologies to restrict freedom of expression, access to information and the work of civil society.
The measures include asset freezes in the European Union and other restrictions provided under the sanctions regime.